Identificación Molecular del Hongo Causante de la Enfermedad de Mazorca Negra en Cultivo de Cacao CCN-51 Molecular Identification of the Fungus Causing Black Pod Disease in CCN-51 Cacao Cultivation
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El cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) representa un componente estratégico de la economía agrícola del Ecuador, especialmente en la provincia de Los Ríos, donde el cantón Quevedo se posiciona como una de las principales zonas productoras. Sin embargo, la productividad del cultivo se ve seriamente afectada por enfermedades fitopatológicas, entre las que destaca Lasiodiplodia theobromae, hongo asociado a patologías de alto impacto como la escoba de bruja y el mal del machete. Estas enfermedades generan pérdidas significativas en rendimiento y calidad, comprometiendo la rentabilidad de los productores y la competitividad del cacao ecuatoriano en el mercado internacional. El objetivo de este estudio fue la identificación molecular de L. theobromae en plantaciones de cacao clon CCN-51. La metodología incluyó la extracción de ADN genómico, la amplificación por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) de regiones específicas y la secuenciación de los amplicones obtenidos tras electroforesis en gel de agarosa. Los resultados confirmaron la presencia del patógeno en los tejidos analizados. Asimismo, mediante la aplicación de los postulados de Koch, se logró el aislamiento, reinoculación y reaislamiento del hongo, validando su papel como agente causal. El crecimiento micelial mostró un avance significativo a las 42 horas de incubación, y las evaluaciones realizadas en el pedúnculo y el ápice de las mazorcas evidenciaron una mayor susceptibilidad en zonas específicas del fruto. Estos hallazgos aportan bases técnicas para el desarrollo de estrategias de manejo fitosanitario más eficientes y focalizadas, orientadas a la mitigación del impacto de L. theobromae y a la reducción de las pérdidas económicas en las plantaciones de cacao
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